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Compared to the normal fetal brain, a marked increase in amoeboid microglia was observed in the telencephalon and diencephalon of experimental fetuses, especially in those killed at embryonic day 15. Conglomerations of microglia occurred in the dorsal and superior neuroepithelium of diencephalon, basal telencephalon, cortical neuroepithelium, and hippocampal formation as identified with OX\u201042, OX\u201018, and ED\u20101 by immunohistochemistry. Rhodamine isothiocynate (RhIc) as a tracer was injected via the tail vein into the pregnant rat to assess the phagocytic capability of these cells. Following the tracer injection, none of microglial cells in normal fetal brain was detectable. RhIc, however, was readily taken up by amoeboid microglia in fetal brain with injury insult. Double labeling has shown that the RhIc\u2010labeled cells were immunoreactive with ED\u20101, OX\u201042, OX\u201018, and OX\u20106, confirming their microglial nature. Microglial proliferation was assessed by immunohistochemistry using bromodeoxyuridine, which showed a marked increase in mitotic activity. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that a varying number of microglia coexpressed iNOS, macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (M\u2010CSF), and ICAM\u20101. RT\u2010PCR analysis showed increased expression of M\u2010CSF mRNA. Furthermore, colony\u2010stimulating factor\u20101 receptor mRNA was localized in microglia by in situ hybridization. The present results suggest that NO along with M\u2010CSF and ICAM\u20101 is involved in microglial proliferation in prenatal brain injury. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:79\u201393, 2001. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T17:27:27Z","timestamp":1030296447000},"page":"79-93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Response of amoeboid microglia\/brain macrophages in fetal rat brain exposed to a teratogen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Ai\u2010Jun","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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