{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:09:11Z","timestamp":1785449351548,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,26]],"date-time":"2001-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":993513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Neuroscience Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a previous study, we have demonstrated that damaged neurons within a boundary area around necrosis fall into delayed neuronal death owing to the cytotoxic effect of microglial nitric oxide (NO), and these neurons are finally eliminated by activated microglia. In this process, microglia are activated to release NO, increase in number, and accumulate toward the damaged area. In this study, we investigated the expression of macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (M\u2010CSF, also called colony stimulating factor\u20101; CSF\u20101) and other cytokines, which are reported to relate to activation, proliferation, or migration of microglia. The mRNA of M\u2010CSF arose biphasically from 30 min to 1 hr and from 6 to 72 hr after the injury, as demonstrated by semiquantitative RT\u2010PCR. However, another cytokine of granulocyte\u2010macrophage CSF (GM\u2010CSF) or interleukin\u20103 (IL\u20103), which causes proliferation of microglia in vitro, was not detected. From immunohistochemical studies, positive staining of M\u2010CSF was observed mainly in neuron\u2010specific enolase (NSE)\u2010positive cells from 1 to 12 hr after the injury, and after that M\u2010CSF became positive in <jats:italic>Griffonia simplicifolia<\/jats:italic> isolectin\u2010B4 (GSA\u2010I\u2010B4)\u2010positive cells from 24 to 72 hr in the boundary area around necrosis. These results suggest that neurons around the damaged area express M\u2010CSF in the early phase after injury, which may initially activate microglia, and these activated microglia also express M\u2010CSF later, causing further proliferation or migration of microglia themselves to eliminate damaged neurons or necrotic brain tissue. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:38\u201344, 2001. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T21:57:50Z","timestamp":1030312670000},"page":"38-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor is expressed in neuron and microglia after focal brain 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