{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T19:49:04Z","timestamp":1792439344082,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,30]],"date-time":"2007-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Neuroscience Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the blood of 48 patients from central and southern California diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) by using forensic polymerase chain reaction and found that a large subset (28\/48 or 58.3%) of patients showed evidence of <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. infections compared with two of 45 (4.7%) age\u2010matched control subjects (odds ratio = 13.8, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Because ASD patients have a high prevalence of one or more <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. and sometimes show evidence of infections with <jats:italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, we examined ASD patients for other infections. Also, the presence of one or more systemic infections may predispose ASD patients to other infections, so we examined the prevalence of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (4\/48 or 8.3% positive, odds ratio = 5.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) and human herpes virus\u20106 (HHV\u20106, 14\/48 or 29.2%, odds ratio = 4.5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) coinfections in ASD patients. We found that <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>\u2010positive and \u2010negative ASD patients had similar percentages of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and HHV\u20106 infections, suggesting that such infections occur independently in ASD patients. Control subjects also had low rates of <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (1\/48 or 2.1%) and HHV\u20106 (4\/48 or 8.3%) infections, and there were no coinfections in control subjects. The results indicate that a large subset of ASD patients shows evidence of bacterial and\/or viral infections (odds ratio = 16.5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The significance of these infections in ASD is discussed in terms of appropriate treatment. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]],"date-time":"2007-02-02T23:14:46Z","timestamp":1170458086000},"page":"1143-1148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Evidence for <i>Mycoplasma<\/i> ssp., <i>Chlamydia pneunomiae<\/i>, and human herpes virus\u20106 coinfections in the blood of patients with autistic spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Garth L.","family":"Nicolson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy L.","family":"Nicolson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Haier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0301.970103"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1996.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.11.2492-2496.1989","article-title":"Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by using the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"27","author":"Bernet C","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.1.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.3.521","article-title":"Human herpesvirus\u20106","volume":"10","author":"Braun DK","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1588\/medver.2004.01.00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0503.990306"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520239"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.18.030195.000533"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6601"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.S3.1023","article-title":"Mercury exposure and child development outcomes","volume":"113","author":"Davidson PW","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, infantile autism and elevated blood\u2010lead: a possible relationship","volume":"93","author":"Eppright TD","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35103559"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of the effects of MMR immunization and mercury doses from thimerosal\u2010containing childhood vaccines on the population prevalence of autism","volume":"10","author":"Geier DA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1588\/medver.2005.02.00057"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.21.12102"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"457","article-title":"The prevalence of Mycoplasma incognitus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal controls or patients with AIDS or chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"231","author":"Huang W","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537869"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Autistic disturbances of affective contact","volume":"2","author":"Kanner L","year":"1943","journal-title":"Nerv Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361304040637"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","first-page":"472","article-title":"Autism, and extreme challenge to integrative medicine. 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