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Expression patterns of genes and proteins that are differentially expressed in the cranial neural tube were further examined by the real\u2010time reverse transcriptase\u2013polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Proliferation index and apoptosis were examined by BrdU (5\u2010bromo\u20102\u2010deoxyuridine) labeling and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick\u2010end labeling) assay, respectively. Embryos (E11.5) of diabetic pregnancies displayed distortion in neuroepithelia of the cranial neural tube. Microarray analysis revealed that a total of 390 genes exhibited more than twofold changes in expression level in the cranial neural tube of embryos from diabetic mice. Several genes involving apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neurons in the cranial neural tube were differentially expressed in embryos of diabetic pregnancy. In addition, maternal diabetes perturbed the development of choroid plexus and ventricular systems and reduced the production of proteins such as Ttr and Igf2 in the developing brain, indicating that these changes could impair the survival and proliferation of neuroepithelial cells and neurogenesis in embryos of diabetic mice. It is concluded that altered expression of a variety of genes involved in brain development is associated with cranial neural tube dysmorphogenesis that may subsequently contribute to intellectual impairment of the offspring of a diabetic mother. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,24]],"date-time":"2008-07-24T21:57:22Z","timestamp":1216936642000},"page":"3481-3493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Global gene expression analysis of cranial neural tubes in embryos of diabetic mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Boran","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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