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We have recently established, cloned, and propagated in vitro a primary long\u2010term cell culture (FNC\u2010B4) obtained from the human fetal olfactory neuroepithelium. In the present study, we show that different concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) induced dose\u2010dependent biological effects in FNC\u2010B4 cells. A low concentration (10 \u03bcM) of CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> stimulated neuroblast growth, whereas a high concentration (100 \u03bcM) inhibited the growth and the viability of neuroblasts inducing morphological and cytoskeletal alterations as well as apoptotic cell death. We also observed that CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> affected, in a dose\u2010dependent manner, the differentiation of FNC\u2010B4 neuroblasts, with increased mRNA and protein levels of differentiation markers and decreased expression levels of neuronal stem markers. Furthermore, differentiated cells co\u2010expressed glial and neuronal markers. We suggest that CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in FNC\u2010B4 neuroblasts might represent a selective cue by which, in a heterogeneous primary culture, the more differentiated mature cells die, whereas the undifferentiated cells, at the same time glial and neuronal progenitors, are forced to access a state of differentiation. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]],"date-time":"2008-09-16T19:56:21Z","timestamp":1221594981000},"page":"228-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Cadmium modulates proliferation and differentiation of human 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