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In this study, we determined the time course of translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome c, apoptosis\u2010inducing factor, endonuclease G, lysosomal cathepsins B and D, and DNase II with respect to signs of irreversible neuronal damage. Adult male Wistar rats underwent lithium\u2010pilocarpine\u2010induced seizures lasting for 60 min, 3 hr, and 3 hr with 6\u2010 or 24\u2010hr survival periods, after which the brains were prepared for immunofluorescence microscopic examination of piriform cortex. Contrary to expectation, cytochrome c and cathepsins B and D translocated to neuronal nuclei with DNase II, endonuclease G, and apoptosis\u2010inducing factor within 60 min of seizure onset and persisted for 24 hr after 3\u2010hr seizures. After 60\u2010min seizures, some neurons showed translocation of the death\u2010promoting proteins in normal\u2010appearing neurons, prior to their appearance in irreversibly damaged neurons. Western blots of subcellular fractions of cytochrome c and cathepsins B and D confirmed their nuclear translocation. This is the first evidence of nuclear translocation of cathepsins B and D and the first in vivo evidence of nuclear translocation of cytochrome c. The appearance of these mitochondrial proteins and lysosomal enzymes before signs of irreversible neuronal death suggests that they could contribute to seizure\u2010induced nuclear pyknosis and DNA fragmentation. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,13]],"date-time":"2010-01-13T16:43:40Z","timestamp":1263401020000},"page":"1727-1737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Nuclear translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome c, lysosomal cathepsins B and D, and three other death\u2010promoting proteins within the first 60 minutes of generalized seizures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Shuangping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Ernesto 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