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Given that the retina is altered by perinatal asphyxia, our aim was to study the effects of nitric oxide (NO) in the retina in order to analyze its impact on the retinal injury. Application of hypothermia was evaluated as preventive treatment. Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were subjected to perinatal asphyxia [either at 37\u00b0C (PA group) or at 15\u00b0C (HYP group)]. Full\u2010term rats were used as controls (CTL). A significantly increased activity of both constitutive NO synthase (nNOS, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010dependent) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010independent) was observed in PA retinas from 21 days old up to 60 days old with respect to age\u2010matched CTL, with a significant increase along the time course in the PA. nNOS was immunolocalized at amacrine, horizontal, and ganglion cells of the PA group, with a significant increase in relative optical density (R.O.D.), cellular area, and number of cells. iNOS immunoreactivity was observed in the inner nuclear layer and in the internal M\u00fcller cell processes of PA, with a significant increase in R.O.D. and colocalizing with GFAP in the 60\u2010day\u2010old PA group. Six nitrated protein species were increased in retinas from PA rats. Nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity showed a localization similar to that of iNOS, with increased R.O.D. in the PA group and colocalization with GFAP in 60\u2010day\u2010old animals. HYP prevented all the changes observed in PA rats. Although the NO system displays changes induced by hypoxia\u2010ischemia, hypothermia application shows a strong protective effect. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]],"date-time":"2011-02-17T16:42:52Z","timestamp":1297960972000},"page":"729-743","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Hypothermia prevents nitric oxide system changes in retina induced by severe perinatal asphyxia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rey\u2010Funes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariano Esteban","family":"Ibarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica 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