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Twelve\u2010week\u2010old male calpstatin (an endogenous calpain inhibitor) knockout mice (CAST KO) and wild\u2010type (WT) mice were used in this study. Axonal damage was induced by optic nerve crush (NC) or tubulin destruction induced by leaving a gelatin sponge soaked with vinblastine (VB), a microtubule disassembly chemical, around the optic nerve. Calpain activation was assessed by immunoblot analysis, which indirectly quantified the cleaved \u03b1\u2010fodrin, a substrate of calpain. RGCs were retrogradely labeled by injecting a fluorescent tracer, Fluoro\u2010Gold (FG), and the retinas were harvested and flat\u2010mounted retinas prepared. The densities of FG\u2010labeled RGCs harvested from the WT and CAST KO groups were assessed and compared. Additionally, a calpain inhibitor (SNJ\u20101945, 100 mg\/kg\/day) was administered orally, and the density of surviving RGCs was compared with that of the vehicle control group. The mean density of surviving RGCs in the CAST KO group was significantly lower than that observed in the WT group, both in NC and in VB. The mean density of surviving RGCs in the SNJ\u20101945\u2010treated group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The calpain inhibitor SNJ\u20101945 has a neuroprotective effect against axonal damage\u2010induced RGC death. This pathway may be an important therapeutic target for preventing this axonal damage\u2010induced RGC death, including glaucoma and diabetic optic neuropathy and other CNS diseases that share a common etiology. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,8]],"date-time":"2011-11-08T09:26:59Z","timestamp":1320744419000},"page":"802-815","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Critical role of calpain in axonal damage\u2010induced retinal ganglion cell 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