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Adipose\u2010derived stem cells (ASCs) are a candidate, and in this study rat ASCs transdifferentiated into a SC phenotype (dASC) cocultured with dorsal root ganglion neurons were shown to associate with neurites and to express myelin basic protein (MBP)\u2010positive myelin protein. Furthermore, dASCs transplanted into a chronically denervated rat common peroneal nerve survived for at least for 10 weeks, maintaining their differentiated state. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that transplanted dASCs associated with regenerating axons, forming MBP\u2010\/protein zero\u2010positive myelin sheaths. The cell survival and myelin expression assessed by double labelling with S100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were similar between the dASC\u2010 and SC\u2010transplanted nerves. Importantly, transplantation of dASCs resulted in dramatically improved motor functional recovery and nerve regeneration, with a level comparable to, or even superior to, transplantation of SCs. In conclusion, dASCs are capable of myelinating axons in vivo and enhancing functional outcome after chronic denervation. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]],"date-time":"2012-03-15T10:36:20Z","timestamp":1331807780000},"page":"1392-1402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Differentiated adipose\u2010derived stem cells promote myelination and enhance functional recovery in a rat model of chronic 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