{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:11:34Z","timestamp":1790100694186,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,3]],"date-time":"2012-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Neuroscience Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Behavioral function lost in mammals (including humans) after peripheral nerve severance is slowly (weeks to years) and often poorly restored by 1\u20132\u2010mm\/day, nonspecifically directed outgrowths from proximal axonal stumps. To survive, proximal stumps must quickly repair (seal) plasmalemmal damage. We report that, after complete cut\u2010 or crush\u2010severance of rat sciatic nerves, morphological continuity, action potential conduction, and behavioral functions can be consistently (&gt;98% of trials), rapidly (minutes to days), dramatically (70\u201385% recovery), and chronically restored and some Wallerian degeneration prevented. We assess axoplasmic and axolemmal continuity by intra\u2010axonal dye diffusion and action potential conduction across the lesion site and amount of behavioral recovery by Sciatic Functional Index and Foot Fault tests. We apply well\u2010specified sequences of solutions containing FDA\u2010approved chemicals. First, severed axonal ends are opened and resealing is prevented by hypotonic Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010free saline containing antioxidants (especially methylene blue) that inhibit plasmalemmal sealing in sciatic nerves in vivo, ex vivo, and in rat B104 hippocampal cells in vitro. Second, a hypotonic solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) is applied to open closely apposed (by microsutures, if cut) axonal ends to induce their membranes to flow rapidly into each other (PEG\u2010fusion), consistent with data showing that PEG rapidly seals (PEG\u2010seals) transected neurites of B104 cells, independently of any known endogenous sealing mechanism. Third, Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010containing isotonic saline is applied to induce sealing of any remaining plasmalemmal holes by Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010induced accumulation and fusion of vesicles. These and other data suggest that PEG\u2010sealing is neuroprotective, and our PEG\u2010fusion protocols that repair cut\u2010 and crush\u2010severed rat nerves might rapidly translate to clinical procedures. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,3]],"date-time":"2012-02-03T04:03:23Z","timestamp":1328241803000},"page":"967-980","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Rapid, effective, and long\u2010lasting behavioral recovery produced by microsutures, methylene blue, and polyethylene glycol after completely cutting rat sciatic 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