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Gender differences are known to exist in many neurologic disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, and differences appear to exist in TBI. Furthermore, it is known that microglia have sexually dimorphic roles in CNS development and other neurologic conditions; however, most animal studies of microglia and TBI have focused on male subjects. Microglia are a current target of many preclinical and clinical therapeutic trials for TBI. Understanding the relationship among sex, sex hormones, and microglia is critical to truly understanding the pathophysiology of TBI. However, the evidence for sex differences in TBI centers mainly on sex hormones, and evidenced\u2010based conclusions are often contradictory. In an attempt to review the current literature, it is apparent that sex differences likely exist, but the contradictory nature and magnitude of such differences in the existing literature does not allow definite conclusions to be drawn, except that more investigation of this issue is necessary. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,7]],"date-time":"2016-11-07T05:28:47Z","timestamp":1478496527000},"page":"509-517","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Do microglia play a role in sex differences in TBI?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Henry W.","family":"Caplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery University of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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