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PSY is a cytotoxic sphingolipid, which leads to widespread degeneration of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, causing demyelination. Here we report on autophagy in the human oligodendrocyte cell line MO3.13 treated with PSY and exploitation of Li as an autophagy modulator to rescue cell viability. We demonstrate that PSY causes upregulation of the autophagic flux at the level of autophagosome and autolysosome formation and LC3\u2010II expression. We show that pretreatment with Li, a drug clinically used to treat bipolar disorders, can further stimulate autophagy, improving cell tolerance to PSY. This Li protective effect is found not to be linked to reduction of PSY\u2010induced oxidative stress and might not stem from a reduction of PSY accumulation. These data provide novel information on the intracellular pathways activated during PSY\u2010induced toxicity and suggest the autophagy pathway as a promising novel therapeutic target for ameliorating the GLD phenotype. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,17]],"date-time":"2016-09-17T11:22:31Z","timestamp":1474111351000},"page":"1246-1260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Lithium improves cell viability in psychosine\u2010treated MO3.13 human oligodendrocyte cell line via autophagy activation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Ambra","family":"Del Grosso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze\u2010CNR Pisa Italy"},{"name":"NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Antonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEST, Istituto 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