{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:07:47Z","timestamp":1761156467729,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS081063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS081063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Neuroscience Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traumatic injury often results in axonal severance, initiating obligatory Wallerian degeneration of distal segments, whereas proximal segments often survive. Calcium ion (Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>) influx at severed proximal axonal ends activates pathways that can induce apoptosis. However, this same Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010influx also activates multiple parallel pathways that seal the plasmalemma by inducing accumulation and fusion of vesicles at the lesion site that reduce Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010influx and enhance survival. We examined whether various inhibitors of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\/calmodulin\u2010dependent protein kinases (CaMKs), and\/or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a common solvent for biologically active substances, affected the ability of a hippocampal\u2010derived neuronal cell line (B104 cells) to seal membrane damage following axotomy. Axolemmal sealing frequencies were assessed at different transection distances from the axon hillock and at various times after Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010influx (PC times) by observing whether transected cells took\u2010up fluorescent dyes. Inhibition of CaMKII by tatCN21 and KN\u201093, but not inhibition of CaMKI and CaMKIV by STO\u2010609, affected axonal sealing frequencies. That is, CaMKII is a component of previously reported parallel pathways that induce membrane sealing, whereas CaMKI and CaMKIV are not involved. The effects of these CaMKII inhibitors on plasmalemmal sealing depended on their mechanism of inhibition, transection distance, and PC time. DMSO at low concentrations (90\u2009\u00b5M\u201328\u2009mM or 0.00064%\u20130.2% v\/v) significantly increased membrane\u2010sealing frequencies at most PC times and transection distances, possibly by permeabilizing the plasmalemma to Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. Inhibition of CaMKII, DMSO, PC time, and the transection distance significantly affect plasmalemmal sealing that is critical to somal survival in traumatic lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T08:24:28Z","timestamp":1522052668000},"page":"1208-1222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ca2+\/calmodulin\u2010dependent protein kinase II and Dimethyl Sulfoxide affect the sealing frequencies of transected hippocampal neurons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8037-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Poon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience The University of Texas at Austin 2415 Speedway Austin TX 78712 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8637-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah H.","family":"McGill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience The University of Texas at Austin 2415 Speedway Austin TX 78712 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solomon Raju","family":"Bhupanapadu Sunkesula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience The University of Texas at Austin 2415 Speedway Austin TX 78712 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary S.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience The University of Texas at Austin 2415 Speedway Austin TX 78712 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience The University of Texas at Austin 2415 Speedway Austin TX 78712 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward E.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience The University of Texas at Austin 2415 Speedway Austin TX 78712 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5610-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George D.","family":"Bittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience The University of Texas at Austin 2415 Speedway Austin TX 78712 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.109066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/253194a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Axonal Regeneration in the Central Nervous System","author":"Bittner G. 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