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Therefore, the present study was intended to investigate the effect of repeatedly applied anodal tDCS over the primary somatosensory cortex on the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) compartment of the brain. Structural tDCS effects were, moreover, related to effects evidenced by functional imaging and behavioral assessment. tDCS was applied over the course of 5 days in 25 subjects with concomitant assessment of tactile acuity of the right and left index finger as well as imaging at baseline, after the last delivery of tDCS and at follow\u2010up 4 weeks thereafter. Irrespective of the stimulation condition (anodal vs. sham), voxel\u2010based morphometry revealed a behaviorally relevant decrease of GM in the precuneus co\u2010localized with a functional change of its activity. Moreover, there was a decrease in GM of the bilateral lingual gyrus and the right cerebellum. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis showed an increase of fractional anisotropy exclusively in the tDCS<jats:sub>anodal<\/jats:sub> condition in the left frontal cortex affecting the final stretch of a somatosensory decision making network comprising the middle and superior frontal gyrus as well as regions adjacent to the genu of the corpus callosum. Thus, this is the first study in humans to identify structural plasticity in the GM compartment and tDCS\u2010specific changes in the WM compartment in response to somatosensory learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]],"date-time":"2018-06-07T05:30:27Z","timestamp":1528349427000},"page":"1367-1379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on structural plasticity of the somatosensory system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1162-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Hirtz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Berger Department of Neurology Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany"},{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology Essen University Hospital Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Huonker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Imaging Center, Hans Berger Department of Neurology Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Otto W.","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Berger Department of Neurology Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-010-0716-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad5651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315652481","author":"Andrewes D","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychology: From theory to practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08789"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1940080707"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/93.3.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"369","article-title":"Long\u2010lasting changes in firing frequency of neurones in rat cerebral cortex and radial potential gradients","volume":"179","author":"Bindman L. 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