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TEMPOL has not, however, been applied following ventral root lesions, which are particularly correlated with the degeneration of spinal motoneurons following brachial plexus injuries. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of TEMPOL on motoneurons and adjacent glial reactions, with a particular focus on the preservation of excitatory and inhibitory spinal circuits. Adult female Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to ventral root crush (VRC) at the lumbar intumescence. Animals were divided into the following experimental groups: (a) VRC\u2013saline treatment; (b) VRC\u2013TEMPOL treatment (12\u00a0mg\/kg,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a05), and (c) VRC\u2013TEMPOL treatment (250\u00a0mg\/kg,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a05). The spinal cord tissue located contralateral to the lesion was used as the control. Fourteen days after lesioning, the rats were euthanized and the spinal cords were removed for motoneuron counting and immunolabeling with glial (GFAP and Iba\u20101) and synapse markers (synaptophysin, VGLUT\u20101, and GAD65). Although TEMPOL did not exert neuroprotective effects at the studied concentrations, the modulation of glial reactions was significant at higher doses. Thus, synaptophysin staining was preserved and, in particular, VGLUT\u20101\u2010positive inputs were maintained, thereby indicating that TEMPOL preserved proprioceptive glutamatergic inputs without exacerbating the rate of motoneuron degeneration. Consequently, its administration with other efficient neuroprotective substances may significantly improve the outcomes following spinal cord lesioning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]],"date-time":"2018-12-14T03:37:54Z","timestamp":1544758674000},"page":"520-534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Synapse preservation and decreased glial reactions following ventral root crush (VRC) and treatment with 4\u2010hydroxy\u2010tempo (TEMPOL)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Aline Barroso","family":"Spejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline Brand\u00e3o","family":"Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuliana da Silva","family":"Zuccoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4224-4575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Quantitative histology of Wallerian degeneration: I. 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