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Vasospasm has long been the focus of research in SAH; however, clinical trials have shown that amelioration of vasospasm does not lead to an improved clinical outcome. This necessitates the need for novel avenues of research. Our work has demonstrated that microglial TLR4 and microglial HO\u20101, not only affects cognitive dysfunction, but also circadian dysrhythmia in a mouse model of SAH. To attempt to translate these findings, we have also begun investigating macrophages in the cerebrospinal fluid of SAH patients. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the role of TLR4, HO\u20101, and other signal transduction pathways in SAH\u2010induced neuroinflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]],"date-time":"2019-08-30T01:05:31Z","timestamp":1567127131000},"page":"549-556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The role of TLR4 and HO\u20101 in neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Akamatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente A.","family":"Pagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5979-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid A.","family":"Hanafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Neurointensive Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","volume-title":"Basic immunology updated edition: Functions and disorders of the immune system Ch. 5","author":"Abbas A. 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