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They promote lysis and phagocytosis of myelin, secrete numbers of neurotrophic factors and cytokines, and recruit macrophages for a biological debridement. However, nerve injuries with a defect size of &gt;1\u00a0cm do not show proper tissue regeneration and require a surgical nerve gap reconstruction. To find a sufficient alternative to the current gold standard\u2014the autologous nerve transplant\u2014several cell\u2010based therapies have been developed and were experimentally investigated. One approach aims on the use of adipose tissue stem cells (ASCs). These are multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells that can differentiate into multiple phenotypes along the mesodermal lineage, such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and myocytes. Furthermore, ASCs also possess neurotrophic features, that is, they secrete neurotrophic factors like the nerve growth factor, brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin\u20103, ciliary neurotrophic factor, glial cell\u2010derived neurotrophic factor, and artemin. They can also differentiate into the so\u2010called Schwann cell\u2010like cells (SCLCs). These cells share features with naturally occurring SCs, as they also promote nerve regeneration in the periphery. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the use of ASCs in peripheral nerve regeneration and peripheral nerve tissue engineering both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . While the sustainability of differentiation of ASCs to SCLCs\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    is still questionable, ASCs used with different nerve conduits, such as hydrogels or silk fibers, have been shown to promote nerve regeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]],"date-time":"2020-10-18T05:30:39Z","timestamp":1602999039000},"page":"545-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Adipose tissue stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration\u2014\n                    <i>In vitro<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Sophie Charlotte","family":"Rhode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center University Hospital RWTH Aachen 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