{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:11:05Z","timestamp":1783411865238,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003986","name":"Jacobs Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003986","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Neuroscience Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sex hormones, especially androgens, contribute to sex and gender differences in the brain and behavior. Organizational effects are particularly important because they are thought to be permanent, reflecting hormone exposure during sensitive periods of development. In human beings, they are often studied with natural experiments in which sex hormones are dissociated from other biopsychosocial aspects of development, such as genes and experiences. Indeed, the greatest evidence for organizational effects on sex differences in human behavior comes from studies of females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), who have heightened prenatal androgen exposure, female\u2010typical rearing, and masculinized toy play, activity and career interests, spatial skills, and some personal characteristics. Interestingly, however, neuroimaging studies of females with CAH have revealed few neural mechanisms underlying these hormone\u2010behavior links, with the exception of emotion processing; studies have instead shown reduced gray matter volumes and reduced white matter integrity most consistent with other disease\u2010related processes. The goals of this narrative review are to: (a) describe methods for studying prenatal androgen influences, while offering a brief overview of behavioral outcomes; (b) provide a critical methodological review of neuroimaging research on females with CAH; (c) present an illustrative analysis that overcomes methodological limitations of previous work, focusing on person\u2010specific neural reward networks (and their associations with sensation seeking) in women with CAH and their unaffected sisters in order to inform future research questions and approaches that are most likely to reveal organizational hormone effects on brain structure and function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T15:29:45Z","timestamp":1623943785000},"page":"563-574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prenatal androgen influences on the brain: A review, critique, and illustration of research on congenital adrenal hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-8083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriene M.","family":"Beltz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael I.","family":"Demidenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The Pennsylvania State University  University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheri A.","family":"Berenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The Pennsylvania State University  University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4502"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2017.1373014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814411-4.00027-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14255"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22902"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2011.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116648209"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12261"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2011.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026652"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009\u20100774"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.31.1.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.3.413"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","volume-title":"Gender development","author":"Blakemore J. 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