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We hypothesized that the aberrant spatiotemporal attributes of the process of sad expressions are related to the neuropathology of MDD and help to detect the depression severity. We enrolled a total of 96 subjects including 47 patients with MDD and 49 healthy controls (HCs), and recorded their magnetoencephalography data under a sad expression recognition task. A hidden Markov model (HMM) was applied to separate the whole neural activity into several brain states, then to characterize the dynamics. To find the disrupted temporal\u2013spatial characteristics, power estimations and fractional occupancy (FO) of each state were estimated and contrasted between MDDs and HCs. Three states were found over the period of emotional stimuli processing procedure. The early visual stage (0\u2013270\u00a0ms) was mainly manifested by state 1, and the emotional information processing stage (270\u2013600\u00a0ms) was manifested by state 2, while the state 3 remained a steady proportion across the whole period. MDDs activated statistically more in limbic system during state 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0045) and less in frontoparietal control network during state 3 (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a05.38\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>\u20135<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) relative to HCs. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores were significantly correlated with the predicted disorder severity using FO values (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0062,\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.3933). Relative to HCs, MDDs perceived the sad contents quickly and spent more time overexpressing the negative emotions. These phenomena indicated MDD patients might easily indulge in negative emotion and neglect other things. Furthermore, temporal descriptors built by HMM could be potential biomarkers for identifying the severity of depression disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T12:38:46Z","timestamp":1632919126000},"page":"3250-3260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sub\u2010second transient activated patterns to sad expressions in major depressive disorders discovered via hidden Markov model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9645-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongpeng","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences &amp; Medical Engineering Southeast University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences &amp; Medical Engineering Southeast University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences &amp; Medical Engineering Southeast University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences &amp; Medical Engineering Southeast University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Nanjing Brain Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shui","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences &amp; Medical Engineering Southeast University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhilu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Nanjing Brain Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences &amp; Medical Engineering Southeast University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Nanjing Brain Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-012-0133-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.11.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","article-title":"Effective psychological treatment for PTSD changes the dynamics of specific large\u2010scale brain networks","author":"Charquero\u2010Ballester M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprint"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.03.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414525995"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002591"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0447-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328348bda5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116374"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218358"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsz096"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"The primary development of Chinese facial expression video system","volume":"21","author":"Jing\u2010Lun D. 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