{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T20:45:50Z","timestamp":1789245950540,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Neuroscience Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review aims to give an overview of what has been discovered so far and what still needs to be analyzed about how sex and gender affect the disease development. These two terms are often confused and indifferently used. In principle, the term \u201csex\u201d refers to biological differences between males and females, specifically reproductive organs and their functions, while the term \u201cgender\u201d refers to the social context in which people live and which contributes to a subjective sexual identity, masculine or feminine. This dichotomy, however, is not so rigid and both sex and gender influence different aspects of human health, such as brain, health and aging and drug treatment and pharmacokinetics. In particular, we want to focus on genetic differences between men and women: indeed, the expression of the genes mapped on X chromosome or Y chromosome and all epigenetic interactions affect the diseases development. Finally, we will briefly outline sex and gender differences in clinical manifestations of three neurological diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and obsessive compulsive disorder. In the era of personalized medicine, we must not forget the importance of gender medicine to promote personalized care for any kind of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T05:49:50Z","timestamp":1631166590000},"page":"553-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Genetics, sex, and gender"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Reale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico \u201cC. Besta\u201d  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Invernizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico \u201cC. 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