{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T19:22:47Z","timestamp":1787685767514,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Neuroscience Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The brain undergoes rapid, dramatic, and reversible transitioning between states of wakefulness and unconsciousness during natural sleep and in pathological conditions such as hypoxia, hypotension, and concussion. Transitioning can also be induced pharmacologically using general anesthetic agents. The effect is selective. Mobility, sensory perception, memory formation, and awareness are lost while numerous housekeeping functions persist. How is selective transitioning accomplished? Classically a handful of brainstem and diencephalic \u201carousal nuclei\u201d have been implicated in driving brain\u2010state transitions on the grounds that their net activity systematically varies with brain state. Here we used transgenic targeted recombination in active populations mice to label neurons active during wakefulness with one reporter and neurons active during pentobarbital\u2010induced general anesthesia with a second, contrasting reporter. We found \u2018wake\u2010on\u2019 and \u2018anesthesia\u2010on\u2019 neurons in widely distributed regions\u2010of\u2010interest, but rarely encountered neurons labeled with both reporters. Nearly all labeled neurons were either wake\u2010on or anesthesia\u2010on. Thus, anesthesia\u2010on neurons are not unique to the few nuclei discovered to date whose activity appears to increase during anesthesia. Rather neuronal populations selectively active during anesthesia are located throughout the brain where they likely play a causative role in transitioning between wakefulness and anesthesia. The widespread neuronal suppression reported in prior comparisons of the awake and anesthetized brain in animal models and noninvasive imaging in humans reflects only net differences. It misses the ubiquitous presence of neurons whose activity increases during anesthesia. The balance in recruitment of anesthesia\u2010on versus wake\u2010on neuronal populations throughout the brain may be a key driver of regional and global vigilance states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>[Correction added on September 22, 2021, after first online publication: Due to a typesetting error, the abstract text was cut off. This has been corrected now.]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T14:38:42Z","timestamp":1631457522000},"page":"3284-3305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Anesthesia in mice activates discrete populations of neurons throughout the brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Shai\u2010lee","family":"Yatziv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Silberman Institute of Life Sciences Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Or","family":"Yudco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Silberman Institute of Life Sciences Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Vaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Silberman Institute of Life Sciences Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adi","family":"Mizrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Silberman Institute of Life Sciences Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"},{"name":"The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8206-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marshall","family":"Devor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Silberman Institute of Life Sciences Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"},{"name":"Center for Research on Pain Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1357-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199502000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199903000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6747"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182405228"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","volume-title":"Neural mechanisms of anesthesia","author":"Antognini J. 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