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Adolescent male and female rats (35\u00a0days old) were subjected to mild TBI and evaluated for anxiety\u2010 and depression\u2010like behaviors using the elevated plus maze and forced swim test (FST), respectively, and cellular alterations. Injured brains did not exhibit an overt lesion, atrophy of tissue or astrocytic reactivity underneath the impact site at 6\u2010week post\u2010injury, suggestive of the mild nature of trauma. Neither male nor female brain\u2010injured rats exhibited anxiety\u2010like behavior at 2 or 6\u00a0weeks, regardless of estrous phase at the time of behavior testing. Brain\u2010injured male rats did not exhibit any alterations in immobility, swimming and climbing times in the FST compared to sham\u2010injured rats at either 2\u2010 or 6\u2010week post\u2010injury. Brain\u2010injured female rats did, however, exhibit an increase in immobility (in the absence of changes in swimming and climbing times) in the FST at 6\u00a0weeks post\u2010injury only during the estrus phase of the estrous cycle, suggestive of a depression\u2010like phenotype. Combined administration of the estrogen receptor antagonist, tamoxifen, and the progesterone receptor antagonist, mifepristone, during proestrus was able to prevent the depression\u2010like phenotype observed during estrus. Taken together, these data suggest that female rats may be more vulnerable to exhibiting behavioral deficits following mild TBI and that estrous phase may play a role in depression\u2010like behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T04:06:38Z","timestamp":1638331598000},"page":"490-505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Sex and estrous\u2010phase dependent alterations in depression\u2010like behavior following mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Giacometti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology College of Medicine Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies College of Medicine Drexel University  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