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Here, we have compared cytokine changes in normal aging, motor neurone disease (MND), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). After an initial analysis, six candidate cytokines, interleukin (IL)\u2010 4, 5, 6, 10, macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)\u20101\u03b1, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)\u20102, showing greatest changes were assayed in postmortem frozen human superior frontal gyri (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a012) of AD patients, aging and young adult controls along with the\u00a0precentral gyrus (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a012) of MND patients. Healthy aging was associated with decreased anti\u2010inflammatory IL\u201010 and FGF\u20102 levels. AD prefrontal cortex was associated with increased levels of IL\u20104, IL\u20105, and FGF\u20102, with the largest increase seen for FGF\u20102. Notwithstanding differences in the specific frontal lobe gyrus sampled, MND patients\u2019 primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) was associated with increased levels of IL\u20105, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, and FGF\u20102 compared to the aging prefrontal cortex (superior frontal gyrus). Immunocytochemistry showed that FGF\u20102 is expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in normal aging prefrontal cortex, AD prefrontal cortex, and MND motor cortex. We report that healthy aging and age\u2010related neurodegenerative diseases have different cortical inflammatory signatures that are characterized by increased levels of anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines and call into question the view that increased inflammation underlies the development of age\u2010related neurodegenerative diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T10:22:40Z","timestamp":1639045360000},"page":"653-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Normal aging, motor neurone disease, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease are characterized by cortical changes in inflammatory cytokines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Tennakoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedicine The University of Adelaide  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viythia","family":"Katharesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedicine The University of Adelaide  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian Francis","family":"Musgrave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedicine The University of Adelaide  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon Andrea","family":"Koblar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard Lewis Maxwell","family":"Faull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and the Centre for Brain Research The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice Anthony","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and the Centre for Brain Research The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian Paul","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie Medical School Macquarie University  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03623.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200006000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00762-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90398-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/573784"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(97)80314-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00439"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039216"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06319.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"695","article-title":"Pro\u2010 versus anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines: Myth or reality","volume":"47","author":"Cavaillon J. 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