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We previously reported positive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) on IMSL in 11 individuals with PD with mild cognitive impairments (MCI), with the largest effects occurring during reacquisition. In the present study, we included 35 individuals with PD, with (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915) and without MCI (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200920), and 35 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls without PD, with (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913) and without MCI (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200922). We used mixed\u2010effects models to analyze anodal M1 tDCS effects on acquisition (during tDCS), short\u2010term (five minutes post\u2010tDCS) and long\u2010term reacquisition (one\u2010week post\u2010tDCS) of general and sequence\u2010specific learning skills, as measured by the serial reaction time task. At long\u2010term reacquisition, anodal tDCS resulted in smaller general learning effects compared to sham, only in the PD group,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.018, possibly due to floor effects. Anodal tDCS facilitated the acquisition of sequence\u2010specific learning (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200954.26\u2009ms) compared to sham (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200938.98\u2009ms),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.003, regardless of group (PD\/controls). Further analyses revealed that this positive effect was the largest in the PD\u2010MCI group (anodal:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200969.07\u2009ms; sham:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924.33\u2009ms),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001. Although the observed effect did not exceed the stimulation period, this single\u2010session tDCS study confirms the potential of tDCS to enhance IMSL, with the largest effects observed in patients with lower cognitive status. These findings add to the body of evidence that anodal tDCS can beneficially modulate the abnormal basal ganglia network activity that occurs in PD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T01:40:22Z","timestamp":1708738822000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Does transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex improve implicit motor sequence learning in Parkinson's disease?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8689-7642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahyar","family":"Firouzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Jette Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Baetens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Swinnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Jette Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Baeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent)  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy University Hospital Brussel (UZ Brussel)  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Van\u00a0Overwalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Deroost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain, Body and Cognition Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N) Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Elsene Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f39d0e"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.202556"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benninger D. 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