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Despite the availability of several treatments, many patients with OCD do not respond adequately, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Recent studies have associated various inflammatory processes with the pathogenesis of OCD, including alterations in peripheral immune cells, alterations in cytokine levels, and neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that inflammation could be a promising target for intervention. Transcranial photobiomodulation (t\u2010PBM) with near\u2010infrared light is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique that has shown potential for several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, its efficacy in OCD remains to be fully explored. This study aimed to review the literature on inflammation in OCD, detailing associations with T\u2010cell populations, monocytes, NLRP3 inflammasome components, microglial activation, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF\u2010\u03b1, CRP, IL\u20101\u03b2, and IL\u20106. We also examined the hypothesis\u2010based potential of t\u2010PBM in targeting these inflammatory pathways of OCD, focusing on mechanisms such as modulation of oxidative stress, regulation of immune cell function, reduction of proinflammatory cytokine levels, deactivation of neurotoxic microglia, and upregulation of BDNF gene expression. Our review suggests that t\u2010PBM could be a promising, noninvasive intervention for OCD, with the potential to modulate underlying inflammatory processes. Future research should focus on randomized clinical trials to assess t\u2010PBM's efficacy and optimal treatment parameters in OCD. Biomarker analyses and neuroimaging studies will be important in understanding the relationship between inflammatory modulation and OCD symptom improvement following t\u2010PBM sessions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T02:44:22Z","timestamp":1709952262000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Inflammation in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: A literature review and hypothesis\u2010based potential of transcranial photobiomodulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4217-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Richer Araujo","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard T. 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