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Previously, we demonstrated that lesioning (silencing) of a discrete dorsal region in the globus pallidus (rodent equivalent to globus pallidus externa) in rats and produced parkinsonism, while lesioning a nearby ventral hotspot\u2010induced dystonia. Presently, we injected fluorescent\u2010tagged multi\u2010synaptic tracers into these pallidal hotspots (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200936 Long Evans rats) and permitted 4\u2009days for the viruses to travel along restricted connecting pathways and reach the motor cortex before sacrificing the animals. Viral injections in the Parkinson's hotspot fluorescent labeled a circumscribed region in the secondary motor cortex, while injections in the dystonia hotspot labeled within the primary motor cortex. Custom probability mapping and N200 staining affirmed the segregation of the cortical territories for Parkinsonism and dystonia to the secondary and primary motor cortices. Intracortical microstimulation localized territories specifically to their respective rostral and caudal microexcitable zones. Parkinsonian features are thus explained by pathological signaling within a secondary motor subcircuit normally responsible for initiation and scaling of movement, while dystonia is explained by abnormal (and excessive) basal ganglia signaling directed at primary motor corticospinal transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T04:35:25Z","timestamp":1713846925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Parkinsonism originates in a discrete secondary and dystonia in a primary motor cortical\u2010basal ganglia subcircuit"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumbhare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Virginia Commonwealth University Health System  Richmond Virginia USA"},{"name":"Richmond Institute for Veterans Research 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