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Anxiety and pain are more prevalent in females compared to males. Unfortunately, robust sex differences in human anxiety are not recapitulated in rodent tests, and results from rodent pain studies frequently fail to translate clinically. Therefore, there is a need to develop tests that reflect the differential salience of anxiety or pain\u2010related stimuli between the sexes. Accordingly, here we introduce the Thermal Increments Dark\u2013Light (TIDAL) conflict test. The TIDAL test places an anxiety\u2010relevant stimulus (dark vs. illuminated chamber) in conflict with a heat\u2010related stimulus (incrementally heated vs. isothermic chamber); mice freely explore both apparatus chambers. Here, we aim to determine whether the TIDAL conflict test reveals in mice underappreciated sex differences in anxiety and\/or heat sensitivity. We establish in four distinct experiments that females on the TIDAL conflict test persist substantially longer on the dark\u2010heated plate, suggesting that female mice exhibit elevated anxiety\u2010like behavior. Mice more strongly prefer the heated\u2010dark plate on the TIDAL conflict test compared to control thermal place preference with both chambers illuminated. We also reveal that an anxiety\u2010relieving drug, paroxetine, reduces mouse preference for the heating dark plate, supporting the validity of the TIDAL test. Therefore, our new TIDAL conflict test reliably unmasks the relative salience of anxiety (vs. heat sensitivity): mice that are female exhibit robust anxiety\u2010like behaviors not consistently observed in classical tests. Future studies should incorporate TIDAL and other conflict tests to better understand rodent behavior and to identify mechanisms underlying anxiety and pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.70002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:28:55Z","timestamp":1733790535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Anxiety\u2010Like Behaviors in Mice Unmasked: Revealing Sex Differences in Anxiety Using a Novel Light\u2010Heat Conflict Test"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1078-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sydney E.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung\u2010Hoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"},{"name":"McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4885-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C.","family":"Aldrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4705-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura K.","family":"Fonken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8828-1553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Gaudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.60.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience","author":"Bailey K. 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