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However, limited preclinical rbTBI models have systematically investigated the behavioral and neuropathological outcomes of female subjects. In the present study, adult female rats were subjected to repeated blast exposures, and the subsequent development of chronic pain\u2013related behaviors and neuropathological changes was assessed. Repeated blast events induced robust mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity beginning 48\u2009h post\u2010injury and persisted through 12\u2009weeks, accompanied by anxiety and depressive\u2010like behaviors at the chronic time point. These behavioral alterations were associated with increased glial activity, as evidenced by Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Ionized Calcium\u2010Binding Adaptor Molecule 1 (IBA\u20101) in the frontal cortex and posterior nucleus regions at 12\u2009weeks following injury. Notably, expression levels of neuropeptide markers, Calcitonin Gene\u2010Related Peptide (CGRP) and Substance P (SP), remained unchanged. Collectively, these findings suggest that chronic pain behaviors following rbTBI in females are mediated primarily by sustained glial activation rather than neuropeptide dysregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T16:55:32Z","timestamp":1766076932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Repetitive Blast Exposure Drives Chronic Pain in Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Amirah","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan F.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3422-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela J.","family":"VandeVord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg Virginia USA"},{"name":"Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Salem Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2014.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2042618613Y.0000000053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3359"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00618"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.787475"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58297-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.873885"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002215"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181d8956d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.48150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01395-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2011.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3755"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2023.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000353"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114544778"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1857438"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2024.0147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7215a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlaa157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07585-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.818169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1536282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor K. 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