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This longitudinal study investigated brain entropy (BEN), a resting\u2010state measure of irregularity or complexity of spontaneous BOLD activity derived from resting\u2010state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs\u2010fMRI), during the first year following mTBI. Data of rs\u2010fMRI were acquired from 48 patients with mTBI at the acute (&lt;\u200914\u2009days), 6\u2010month, and 12\u2010month post\u2010injury visits, and 34 healthy controls (HCs). BEN was quantified using sample entropy. Patients with mTBI also underwent behavioral assessments evaluating quality of life and cognitive function. Behavioral assessments demonstrated progressive improvements in patient\u2010reported quality of life and objective cognitive performance. Cross\u2010sectional analyses revealed dynamic, time\u2010dependent alterations in BEN. Compared with HCs, patients with mTBI exhibited higher BEN in precuneus, temporal, occipital, and sensorimotor regions during the acute and 6\u2010month stages, whereas lower BEN was observed in sensorimotor, occipital, and frontoparietal regions at the 12\u2010month follow\u2010up. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated progressive regional reductions in BEN over time. Several associations between longitudinal changes in regional BEN and cognitive performance were nominally significant, particularly in the precuneus, but none survived multiple comparison corrections. These findings indicate that mTBI recovery is accompanied by dynamic, regionally specific changes in resting state BOLD irregularity. BEN may therefore provide a promising imaging biomarker for tracking the evolving neural dynamics underlying recovery following mTBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.70153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:45:25Z","timestamp":1787985925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resting\u2010State Brain Entropy Reveals Altered Neural Dynamics and Cognitive Associations in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8504-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Research (CAIR) University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8339-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ze","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Research (CAIR) University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8685-213X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Roys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Research (CAIR) University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosy Linda Njonkou","family":"Tchoquessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Research (CAIR) University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Research (CAIR) University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head &amp; Neck Surgery University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Badjatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rao P.","family":"Gullapalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Research (CAIR) University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6637-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiachen","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Imaging Research (CAIR) University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1859613"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1163-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000511"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21008-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad181"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105421"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsag205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25341"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28948"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.08.652915"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2025.0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A8204"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"486","article-title":"Associations of Brain Entropy (BEN) to Cerebral Blood Flow and Fractional Amplitude of Low\u2010Frequency Fluctuations in the Resting Brain","volume":"13","author":"Donghui Song D. 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