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Basic Microbiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of microorganisms to solubilize elemental phosphorus from insoluble rock phosphate is a promising method to greatly reduce not only environmental pollution but also production costs. Phosphate\u2010solubilizing microorganisms were isolated from soils in China, and a fungus strain (PSM11\u20105) from a soil sample from an alum mine, with the highest phosphate solubilization potential, was selected and identified as a <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic> sp. Strain PSM11\u20105 could grow in buffered medium with pH values between 3.0 and 8.0 and showed phosphate solubilizing activity at pH values from 5.0 to 8.0. It also exhibited a degree of tolerance to the heavy metal ions, Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, Co<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, and Cr<jats:sup>6+<\/jats:sup>. PSM11\u20105 could rapidly solubilize tricalcium phosphate, and a high phosphate\u2010solubilizing efficiency of 98% was achieved in an optimized medium. The strain could solubilize rock phosphate and aluminum phosphate with a solubilizing efficiency of approximately 74.5%, but did not solubilize iron phosphate. Solubilization of phosphate depended on acidification. Analysis of PSM11\u20105 culture supernatants by capillary electrophoresis showed that tricalcium phosphate was solubilized to PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>3\u2013<\/jats:sup> and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, and that the organic acid produced by the fungus was mainly gluconic acid at approximately ca. 13 g l<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>. In addition, PSM11\u20105 produced ca. 830 mg l<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> of citric acid when it was used to solubilize rock phosphate. These excellent properties of strain PSM11\u20105 suggest that the fungus has potential for agricultural and industrial utilization. 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