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Endophytic microbes promote plant growth by helping plants in acquiring nutrients, e.g. via nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization or iron chelation, by preventing pathogen infections via antifungal or antibacterial agents, by outcompeting pathogens for nutrients by siderophore production, or by establishing the plant's systemic resistance. Further growth promotion is affected by producing phytohormones such as auxin or cytokinin, or by producing the enzyme 1\u2010aminocyclopropane\u20101\u2010carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, which lowers plant ethylene levels. For establishment of endophytes in different tissues, endophytic microbes must be compatible with the host plants and able to colonize the tissues of the host plants without being recognized as pathogens. A particular bacterium or fungus may affect plant growth and development using one or more of these mechanisms, and they may use different mechanisms at various times. The population density of endophytes is highly variable, depending mainly on the microbial species and host genotypes, developmental stage and environmental conditions. Genotypic and cultivar specific endophytes have also been reported. The quantum benefit derived by plants from an endophyte and <jats:italic>vice versa<\/jats:italic> is still not clear. It seems that the endophytic genus or species best adapted for living inside a plant is naturally selected. Here, we concentrate on soil or rhizosphere\u2010derived endophytes recruited out of a large pool of soil or rhizospheric microbes. Some endophytes are more aggressive colonizers and displace others, but seeming lack of strict specificity has been observed. However, the processes of host\u2010microbe signaling and colonization and the mechanisms leading to mutual benefits are less\u2010well characterized. It is still not clear which population of microorganisms (endophytes or rhizospheric) promotes plant growth and the way the interactions among endophytes influence plant productivity. Though attempts to know the molecular ecology and interactions are underway, a high amount of progress is required to fully understand the mechanism of establishment, the way interactions take place <jats:italic>in planta<\/jats:italic>, between different microbes and plants and exlusive benefits by endophytes and plants. (\u00a9 2012 WILEY\u2010VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201100063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]],"date-time":"2011-09-27T23:26:54Z","timestamp":1317166014000},"page":"248-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Interaction of endophytic microbes with legumes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"S. 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