{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T20:59:03Z","timestamp":1788641943889,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCIL\/NER\u2010BPMC\/2017\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCIL\/NER\u2010BPMC\/2017\/"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Basic Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium (STM) is a facultative anaerobe and one of the causative agents of nontyphoidal salmonellosis (NTS). Its anaerobic metabolism is enabled under the hypoxic environment that is encountered inside macrophages and the gut lumen of the host. In both of these niches, free radicals and oxidative intermediates are released by neutrophils as an inflammatory response. These chemical species further undergo reactions to produce nitrate, which is preferably taken up by STM as an electron acceptor in the absence of oxygen. NarL, the response regulator of the two\u2010component regulatory system NarX\/L, and a transcription factor, gets activated under anaerobic nitrate\u2010rich conditions and upregulates the nitrate reduction during anaerobic respiration of STM. To understand the role of NarL in the pathogenesis of STM, we generated a <jats:italic>narL<\/jats:italic>\u2010knockout (STM:\u0394<jats:italic>narL<\/jats:italic>) as well as a <jats:italic>narL<\/jats:italic>\u2010complemented strain of STM. Anaerobically, the mutant displayed no growth defect but a significant attenuation in the swimming (26%) and swarming (61%) motility, and biofilm\u2010forming ability (73%) in vitro, while these morphotypes got rescued upon genetic complementation. We also observed a downregulation in the expression of genes associated with nitrate reduction (<jats:italic>narG<\/jats:italic>) and biofilm formation (<jats:italic>csgA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>csgD<\/jats:italic>) in anaerobically grown STM:\u0394<jats:italic>narL<\/jats:italic>. As compared with wild STM, <jats:italic>narL<\/jats:italic> mutant exhibited a threefold reduction in the intracellular replication in both intestinal epithelial cells (INT\u2010 407) and monocyte\u2010derived macrophages of poultry origin. Further, in vivo competitive assay in the liver and spleen of the murine model showed a competitive index of 0.48\u2009\u00b1\u20090.58 and 0.403668\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32, respectively, for STM:\u0394<jats:italic>narL<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202300456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T04:31:36Z","timestamp":1702009896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Role of <i>narL<\/i> gene in the pathogenesis of <i>Salmonella<\/i> Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Pashupathi","family":"Mani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swagatika","family":"Priyadarsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2010 National Research Centre on Camel Bikaner Rajasthan India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"K. 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