{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T01:16:06Z","timestamp":1792977366016,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Basic Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present in vitro and in vivo study aimed to fabricate and characterize linalool\u2010zinc oxide nanoparticles (Lin\u2010ZNP) and evaluate their effectiveness against <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> infection in terms of inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathogenicity. Lin\u2010ZNP was synthesized using an ethanolic solution of polyvinyl alcohol. The anti\u2010<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> and cytotoxicity activities of Lin\u2010ZNP were investigated, along with its effects on nitric oxide (NO) production, caspase\u20103 activity, and pro\u2010inflammatory genes. After treating <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected mice with Lin\u2010ZNP for 14 days, the number and size of tissue cysts, antioxidant potential, pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines, and <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity\u2010related genes were evaluated by real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The Lin\u2010ZNP composite showed a reduced tendency with an average size of 105\u2009nm. Lin\u2010ZNP significantly reduced the viability of tachyzoites. The obtained selectivity index higher than 10, indicating high specificity for parasites with low cytotoxicity to normal cells. The Lin\u2010ZNP significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) increased the production of NO, caspase\u20103 activity, and the expression levels of pro\u2010inflammatory genes. Lin\u2010ZNP significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) decreased the size and number of tissue cysts and caused a significant reduction in the level of malondialdehyde and a considerable increase (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in antioxidant enzymes and their expression genes. Lin\u2010ZNP significantly downregulated both mRNA and protein expression of the inflammation\u2010related markers associated with the TLRs\/NF\u2010\u03baB pathway. The expression levels of the <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity\u2010related genes were significantly downregulated (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The recent survey indicated that Lin\u2010ZNP manages <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection by its antioxidant activity and inhibiting the TLRs\/NF\u2010\u03baB pathway without toxicity in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202400039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T10:24:45Z","timestamp":1714559085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Linalool\u2010zinc oxide nanocomposite controls <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> infection through inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathogenicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Hanadi B. A.","family":"Baghdadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science Imam Abdurrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center Dammam Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishah E.","family":"Albalawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah F.","family":"Shater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamdan","family":"Almohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Science Department, Deanship of Supportive Studies Alasala University Dammam Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4862-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah D.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities Shaqra University Ad\u2010Dawadimi Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.693197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"898","article-title":"Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection: systematic review and prevalence snapshots","volume":"36","author":"Molan A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6040-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.34.5.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.05.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200105000-00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10122538"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00189","article-title":"Effect of chitosan on Toxoplasma gondii infection: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Cheraghipour K","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Cont"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.01.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/smj.2022.110371.1293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-023-02532-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111566"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16111574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.900046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040888"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040819"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_280_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.11.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08674"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.47590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19295"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"In vitro study on cytotoxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles on promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania major (MRHO\/IR\/75\/ER)","volume":"9","author":"Delavari M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40089-016-0198-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.641481"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0520-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12276"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2021.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/153573"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2012346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Brain tissue cysts in infected mice with RH\u2010strain of Toxoplasma gondii and evaluation of BAG1 and SAG1 genes expression","volume":"8","author":"Selseleh M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01520-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11040891"}],"container-title":["Journal of Basic Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jobm.202400039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T07:26:06Z","timestamp":1722842766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jobm.202400039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jobm.202400039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jobm.202400039","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0233-111X","1521-4028"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0233-111X","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4028","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2400039"}}