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In fruit\u2010sucking moths (FSM), particularly\n                    <jats:italic>Eudocima materna<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), adults are destructive frugivorous pests, whereas larvae feed exclusively on toxic plants such as\n                    <jats:italic>Tinospora cordifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study investigates the gut bacterial diversity of FSM larvae, with an emphasis on their role in host plant adaptation. Nine bacterial strains were isolated, including\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Mammaliicoccus sciuri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus sciuri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . All isolates were subjected to biochemical profiling (sugar and carbohydrate utilization) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 12 antibiotics. Among them,\n                    <jats:italic>E. gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (strain L4),\n                    <jats:italic>S. sciuri<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>M. sciuri<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited anti\u2010quorum\u2010sensing activity. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>E. gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    played a key role in host plant digestion and was capable of degrades a\u2009~\u200945\u2009kDa protein present in\n                    <jats:italic>T. cordifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaves. GC\u2013MS analysis of methanolic extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>E. gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    revealed several bioactive compounds, including gentamicin A, cyclo (Phe\u2010Pro), isoisopulegol, and gougerotin. Whole\u2010genome sequencing of strain L4 identified genes encoding degradation enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase, phosphotriesterase), multiple antibiotic resistance genes (\n                    <jats:italic>YurZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PptA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CatE<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>OadB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PycA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Tdh<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), diverse metabolic pathways, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis clusters. Subsequently, digestive and detoxification enzymes were identified, including alpha\u2010amylase, serine protease, lipase, chitinase, pectinesterase, carboxylesterase, glutathione peroxidase, and cytochrome P450. Molecular docking analysis showed strong interactions of degradation enzymes with organophosphate insecticides, with binding scores of \u20136.8\u2009kcal\/mol for triazophos and \u20135.5\u2009kcal\/mol for quinalphos. These findings highlight the multifunctional role of\n                    <jats:italic>E. gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in host plant adaptation and detoxification in FSM larvae, offering new insights into microbe\u2013insect interactions and potential microbial\u2010based biotechnological applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.70183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:33:48Z","timestamp":1784198028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multifunctional Properties of the Gut Symbiont\n                    <i>Enterococcus gallinarum<\/i>\n                    Associated With\n                    <i>Eudocima materna<\/i>\n                    Caterpillars in Host Plant Detoxification"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-3386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arul","family":"Dhayalan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Crop Protection ICAR\u2010Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumathi","family":"Manoharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Crop Protection ICAR\u2010Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5010-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamala Jayanthi","family":"Pagadala Damodaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Crop Protection ICAR\u2010Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"142","article-title":"Investigation of the Effect of Cadmium and Kuprum on the Digestive System of Living Organisms (Literature Review)","volume":"3","author":"Shatorna V.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Modern Science\u2014Modern\u00ed v\u011bda"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11112665"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-015-3327-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-024-01970-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6764919","article-title":"Interactions Between Intestinal Microflora\/Probiotics and the Immune System","volume":"2019","author":"Zhang C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00575"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152400"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2016.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2022.102005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707186114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1079550"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85057-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6955"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","article-title":"Population Dynamics and Seasonal Activity of Primary Fruit Sucking Moths in Relation to Weather Parameters","volume":"24","author":"Kotika Y. 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