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Cooling, heating, and growing degree\u2010days (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CDD<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDD<\/jats:styled-content>, and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDD<\/jats:styled-content>), respectively, are used to quantify the energy needed to condition or heat buildings, and to study the growing season. Using a new dataset made of 4023 daily<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>N<\/jats:sub>\u2013<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub>\u2013<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>X<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>series for the period 2001\u20132011 and 3897 monthly<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>homogenized series for the period 1951\u20132011, we computed<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CDD<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDD<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDD<\/jats:styled-content>, and Winkler Index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WI<\/jats:styled-content>) for Europe. We developed a model that correlates degree\u2010days calculated with daily<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>N<\/jats:sub>\u2013<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub>\u2013<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>X<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>data with degree\u2010days obtained by monthly<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>data, in the overlapping period 2001\u20132011. A set of parameters for each station was then applied to the corresponding 1951\u20132011 monthly records. We interpolated the parameters and the reconstructed degree\u2010day series onto a European 0.25\u00b0 \u00d7 0.25\u00b0 grid: with these gridded parameters, one can estimate the degree\u2010days for any European location if only monthly<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub>is available. We present maps of HDD, CDD, GDD, and WI for the period 1951\u20132010. To validate them, we run a comparison in the Carpathian area using an independent dataset (from the CARPATCLIM project). The regional records show high correlations, especially for HDD (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>&gt; 0.99) and WI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>&gt; 0.98). Subsequently, we performed a linear trend analysis on European and regional basis. HDD showed a significant decrease almost everywhere in Europe, whereas CDD, GDD, and WI showed a significant increase in particular in the last 30 years in the Mediterranean region. Moreover, WI indicated that new areas in France and central Europe became suitable for grape cultivation in the last decades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T17:31:04Z","timestamp":1393263064000},"page":"25-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["European degree\u2010day climatologies and trends for the period 1951\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Spinoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Ispra Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Ispra Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Ispra Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/5.3.388"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3733\/hilg.v15n06p493"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Prise en compte de la topographie pour la cartographie des champs pluviometriques statistiques","volume":"19","author":"Benichou P","year":"1987","journal-title":"La Meteorologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.31.060180.002423"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Meteorology of the Australian Government.2005.Average Annual & Monthly Heating and Cooling Degree Days.www.bom.gov.au\/jsp\/ncc\/climate_averages \/degree\u2010days."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-2619(01)00017-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2005.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2685844"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/6.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00888"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2740040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"A Practical Guide to Geostatistical Mapping","author":"Hengl T","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"1117","article-title":"Nouveau mode d'\u00e9valuation des possibilities h\u00e9liothermiques d'un milieu viticole","volume":"64","author":"Huglin P","year":"1978","journal-title":"C. 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