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Identifying which climate\u2010related impacts are likely to increase, and by how much, is an important element of any effective strategy for managing future climate risks. This study investigates whether energy demand for cooling and heating buildings can be expected to increase or decrease under climate change. Two indicators of weather\u2010related energy consumption for heating and cooling buildings are considered: heating degree\u2010days (HDD) and cooling degree\u2010days (CDD). The evolution of these indicators has been analysed based on 11 high\u2010resolution bias\u2010adjusted EURO\u2010CORDEX simulations for two emission representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Both indicators have been validated over the period 1981\u20132010 using an independent data set that contains more than 4000 station data, showing very high correlation over most of Europe. Trends of HDD and CDD from 1981 to 2100, together with their uncertainties, are analysed. For both RCPs, all simulations project a significant decrease for HDD, especially over Scandinavia and European Russia, and an increase of CDD which peaks over the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. Overall, degree\u2010day trends do not show remarkable differences if population weighting is applied. If a constant population scenario is considered, the decrease in HDD will outbalance the increase in CDD in the 21st century over most of Europe. Thus the related energy demand (expressed as Energy Degree\u2010days, EDD) is expected to decrease. If, however, population projections over the 21st century are included in the calculations, it is shown that despite the persisting warming, EDD will increase over northern Europe, the Baltic countries, Great Britain, Ireland, Benelux, the Alps, Spain, and Cyprus, resulting in an overall increase in EDD over Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T09:24:39Z","timestamp":1512120279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Changes of heating and cooling degree\u2010days in Europe from 1981 to 2100"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8903-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Spinoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) Ispra (VA) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2955-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen V.","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) Ispra (VA) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) Ispra (VA) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Dosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) Ispra (VA) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niall","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) Ispra (VA) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bigano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC) Economic Analysis of Climate Impacts and Policy Division Lecce Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) Milano Italy"},{"name":"Far East Federal University (FEFU) Vladivostok Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Martin","family":"F\u00fcssel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Environment Agency (EEA) Air and Climate Change Unit (ACC) Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlbouyD GrafW KelloggR WolffH.2013. 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