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The SPEI analysis highlights increasing dryness, especially in southern and eastern areas, driven by higher potential evapotranspiration and rising air temperatures since the 1990s, whereas SPI shows little change in precipitation\u2010based droughts. Five major drought\u2010rich periods emerged\u20141866\u20131867, 1918\u20131920, 1947\u20131948, 2000\u20132001 and 2019\u20132022\u2014with the first and last being the most severe. These events exhibit notable regional differences, largely shaped by the Carpathian Mountains, as stations in the south and east endure longer and more intense droughts. Documentary evidence further contextualises these episodes, revealing their social and economic impacts. The resultant long\u2010term drought atlas for Romania extends beyond existing data products, enhancing drought risk assessments and informing future adaptation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.8876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T06:34:42Z","timestamp":1745303682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Drought's Grip on Romania: A Tale of Two Indices"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8240-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Ionita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research  Bremerhaven Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Forestry \u201cStefan Cel Mare\u201d University of Suceava  Suceava Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Antonescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry \u201cStefan Cel Mare\u201d University of Suceava  Suceava Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics University of Bucharest  M\u0103gurele Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Earth Physics  M\u0103gurele Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Roibu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry \u201cStefan Cel Mare\u201d University of Suceava  Suceava Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1111-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.","family":"Nagavciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research  Bremerhaven Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Forestry \u201cStefan Cel Mare\u201d University of Suceava  Suceava Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2005.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/hess\u20102020\u2010239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201048861\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612\u2010021\u201000218\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba2724"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere\u20102024\u20102073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere\u20102024\u20102069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess\u201022\u20102201\u20102022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"300","volume-title":"Variabilitatea si Schimbarea Climei in Romania","author":"Busuioc A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382\u2010007\u20100257\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"394","volume-title":"Du\u0219manul de Clas\u0103 Represiuni Politice, Violen\u0163\u0103 \u0219i Rezisten\u0163\u0103 \u00een R(A)SS Moldoveneasc\u0103, 1924\u20131956","author":"Ca\u0219u I.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017\u2010022\u201000329\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JD028200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704\u2010012\u20100755\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/esd\u201011\u2010251\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Dissescu C. 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