{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:58:43Z","timestamp":1783666723758,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,17]],"date-time":"2005-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8083,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since 1970, when the concept of continuous passive motion (CPM) was originated by one of the authors (R.B.S.), he and a succession of his research fellows have investigated its biological effects on the healing and regeneration of articular tissues in a wide variety of experimental models in rabbits. From this basic research he concluded that CPM is well tolerated, seems to be painless, stimulates the healing and regeneration of articular tissues, prevents joint stiffness, and permits the normal healing of arthrotomy incisions. Beginning in 1975, one of the authors (H.W.H.), and in 1978, the remaining authors, (from two additional Canadian cities) applied the knowledge from the basic research on CPM to the orthopaedic care of human patients. The CPM devices for humans (CPM Mobilimbs\u00ae), which have been designed in collaboration with University of Toronto engineers, include, to date, devices for the ankle\u2010knee\u2010hip, the elbow, and the finger. Indications for CPM in patients have been the immediate postoperative management following such operative procedures as open reduction and internal fixation of fractures, arthrotomy and arthrolysis for post\u2010traumatic arthritis, synovectomy, surgical drainage for septic arthritis, release of extraarticular contractures, metaphyseal osteotomies, total joint replacement, and ligamentous reconstruction. The case reports of nine selected patients are presented as examples of the clinical application of CPM. These patients have been relatively free of pain, have maintained the increased motion gained at operation, and have accepted the application of CPM well. There have been no complications of CPM; the operative wounds have healed well and the period of hospitalization has not been prolonged. The authors believe that the clinical application of CPM is feasible and that the clinical and radiographic results of CPM in these patients are encouraging. Long\u2010term, prospective clinical investigations (including control patients in whom CPM is not used) will be requited to assess the efficacy of CPM in relation to the various stated indications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100010313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T13:38:44Z","timestamp":1109252324000},"page":"325-342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":173,"title":["Clinical application of basic research on continuous passive motion for disorders and injuries of synovial joints: A preliminary report of a feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Salter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry W.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Wedge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Tile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian P.","family":"Torode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn W.","family":"O'Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Murnaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Saringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The role of continuous passive motion in the postoperative rehabilitation of the total knee patient","volume":"6","author":"Coutts RD","year":"1982","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"259","article-title":"Five years' experience with continuous passive motion (CPM)","volume":"64","author":"Hamilton HW","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(79)80047-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"512","article-title":"The restraint of rabbits in a special sling","volume":"29","author":"Kumar A","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"The Puzzle of Pain","author":"Melzack R","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004311-197000810-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198306000-00044","article-title":"The effect of continuous passive motion on the clearance of a hemarthrosis","volume":"176","author":"O'Driscoll SW","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","unstructured":"SalterRB:The effects of motion on regeneration of cartilage. Proceedings in International Workshop on Rehabilitation of Articular Joints by Biological Resurfacing. November 15\u201317 1979 Dallas Texas"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"349","article-title":"The philosophy and nature of surgical research","volume":"23","author":"Salter RB","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"The prevention of arthritis through preservation of cartilage","volume":"32","author":"Salter RB","year":"1981","journal-title":"R Coll Lect J Can Assoc Rad"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"251","article-title":"Motion vs rest: why immobilize joints? Presidential address to the Canadian Orthopedic Association","volume":"64","author":"Salter RB","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Clinical Trends in Orthopedics","author":"Salter RB","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"The effect of continuous passive motion on the healing of partial thickness lacerations of the patellar tendon in the rabbit","volume":"5","author":"Salter RB","year":"1981","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198109000-00031","article-title":"The protective effect of continuous passive motion on living articular cartilage in acute septic arthritis: an experimental investigation in the rabbit","volume":"159","author":"Salter RB","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"102","article-title":"The healing of intra\u2010articular fractures with continuous passive motion","volume":"28","author":"Salter RB","year":"1979","journal-title":"AAOS Lecture Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"292","article-title":"Further studies on continuous passive motion [Abstract]","volume":"212","author":"Salter RB","year":"1978","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"292","article-title":"The effect of continuous passive motion on a semitendinosus tenodesis in the rabbit knee","volume":"6","author":"Salter RB","year":"1982","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"266","article-title":"Continuous passive motion and the repair of full\u2010thickness defects\u2014A one year follow up","volume":"6","author":"Salter RB","year":"1982","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"50","article-title":"The effects of continuous passive motion on the healing of articular cartilage defects: an experimental investigation in rabbits [Abstract]","volume":"8","author":"Salter RB","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Phys Surg Can"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_3","first-page":"570","volume":"57","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062080-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"397","article-title":"Collagen typing of early repair tissue in healing articular cartilage: an experimental study in the rabbit [Abstract]","volume":"4","author":"Salter RB","year":"1980","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjor.1100010313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jor.1100010313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T09:23:22Z","timestamp":1697793802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jor.1100010313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jor.1100010313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.1100010313","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-0266","1554-527X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-0266","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-527X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-02-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}