{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:54:19Z","timestamp":1789829659760,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,18]],"date-time":"2005-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6137,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the treatment of spine fractures and fracture\u2010dislocations, stability of the spine is one of the major objectives. In the craniocervical joint, the alar and transverse ligaments provide much of the stability of the healthy spine. Because the anatomy appears well described, the contribution of each of these structures so far has received little attention. The alar ligament restrains rotation of the upper cervical spine, whereas the transverse ligament restricts flexion as well as anterior displacement of the atlas. A lesion in one or both structures can produce damage to the neural structures and\/or cause pain. To investigate the possible role of each of these ligaments, a mechanical and histologic study of the upper cervical spine was made. The bone\u2010ligament\u2010bone complex of the alar and transverse ligaments was subjected to unlaxial mechanical testing in seven specimens. The alar ligaments had an in vitro strength of 200 N, and the transverse ligaments had an in vitro strength of 350 N. Histologic analysis revealed a mainly collagenous nature of these ligaments. Clinical evidence (broken odontoid processes) suggests that the transverse ligament is strong enough to withstand physiologic loads. The alar ligament, on the other hand, due to its lower strength and its axial direction of loading, might be prone to injury and therefore require stabilization of the appropriate vertebra more often than normally is assumed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100060317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1109249153000},"page":"452-461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":247,"title":["Biomechanics of the craniocervical region: The alar and transverse ligaments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jiri","family":"Dvorak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Saldinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berton","family":"Rahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198602000-00031","article-title":"Indication, surgical technique and results of 100 surgically treated fractures and fracture\u2010dislocations of the cervical spine","volume":"203","author":"Aebi M","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Rel Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/ort.1979.50.suppl-177.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume":"1","author":"Arnold I","year":"1845","journal-title":"Handbuch der Anatomie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Histologische Technik","author":"Burck HC","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"416","article-title":"On the occipito\u2010atlanto\u2010axial articulation","volume":"68","author":"Cave JE","year":"1933","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197052010-00001","article-title":"Tendon and ligament insertion","volume":"52","author":"Cooper RR","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.146.3.6828686"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Verletzungen der Halswirbels\u00e4ule in der Schweiz","volume":"16","author":"Dvorak J","year":"1987","journal-title":"Orthopade"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198703000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198704000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197456080-00019","article-title":"Tears of the transverse ligament of the atlas","volume":"56","author":"Fielding JW","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"R\u00f6ntgenologische Diagnose und Differentialdiagnose von Verletzungen der oberen Halswirbels\u00e4ule","volume":"1","author":"Frank P","year":"1980","journal-title":"Rontgen"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10520298409113858"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Die Diagnosestellung post\u2010traumatischer discoligament\u00e4rer L\u00e4sionen im HWS\u2010Bereich","volume":"78","author":"Jeanneret B","year":"1985","journal-title":"Zeitschr Unfallchirurg Berufskrankheit"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Die Wirbels\u00e4ule in Forschung und Praxis 101","author":"Kamieth H","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"330","volume-title":"Praktische Anatomie","author":"von Lanz T","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00522641"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"210","article-title":"Functional properties of knee ligaments and alterations induced by immobilization","volume":"123","author":"Noyes FR","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658080-00006","article-title":"The strength of the anterior cruciate ligament in humans and Rhesus monkeys. 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