{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:49:26Z","timestamp":1790412566560,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,18]],"date-time":"2005-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4737,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament have been determined in 16 freshly frozen cadaver shoulders. The inferior gleno\u2010humeral ligament was divided into three anatomical regions: a superior band, an anterior axillary pouch, and a posterior axillary pouch. This yielded 48 bone\u2010ligament\u2010bone specimens, which were tested to failure in uniaxial tension. The superior band was consistently the thickest region, averaging 2.79 mm. The thickness of the inferior glenohumeral ligament decreased from antero\u2010superiorly to postero\u2010inferiorly. The resting length of all three anatomical regions was not statistically different. Total specimen strain to failure for all bone\u2010ligament\u2010bone specimens averaged 27%. Variations occurred between the three regions, with the anterior pouch specimens failing at a higher strain (34%) than those from the superior band (24%) or the posterior pouch (23%). Strain to failure for the ligament midsubstance (11%) was found to be significantly less than that for the entire specimen (27%). Thus, larger strain must occur near the insertion sites of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. Stress at failure was found to be nearly identical for the three regions of the ligament, averaging 5.5 MPa. These values are lower than those reported for other soft tissues, such as anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon. The anterior pouch was found to be less stiff than the other two regions, perhaps suggesting that it is composed of more highly crimped collagen fibers. Three failure sites were seen for the inferior glenohumeral ligament: the glenoid insertion (40%), the ligament substance (35%), and the humeral insertion (25%). In addition, significant capsular stretching occurred before failure, regardless of the failure mode.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100100205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T12:27:16Z","timestamp":1109248036000},"page":"187-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":472,"title":["Tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Louis U.","family":"Bigliani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger G.","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis J.","family":"Soslowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan L.","family":"Flatow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Pawluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van C.","family":"Mow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100040401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.70B2.3346302","article-title":"Disruption of the lateral capsule of the shoulder. A cause of recurrent dislocation","volume":"70","author":"Bach BR","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18002610104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3285.1132"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"560","article-title":"Inferior capsular shift procedure for anterior\u2010inferior shoulder instability in athletes","volume":"13","author":"Bigliani LU","year":"1989","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"595","article-title":"The pathological changes in recurrent dislocation of the shoulder: a report of Bankart's operative procedure","volume":"23","author":"Bost FC","year":"1942","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90090-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Injury and repair of the musculoskeletal soft tissues","author":"Frank CB","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1967.213.6.1532"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198870020-00009","article-title":"Dynamic electromyographic analysis of the throwing shoulder with glenohumeral instability","volume":"70","author":"Glousman R","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Stabilizing function of passive shoulder restraints","volume":"12","author":"Hammon OJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"230","article-title":"Anterior capsulo\u2010labral reconstruction in throwing atheletes","volume":"13","author":"Jobe FW","year":"1989","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198303000-00004","article-title":"Comparative study of the properties of the shoulder joint capsule with those of other joint capsules","volume":"173","author":"Kaltsas DS","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Rel Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658030-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1943.02840490017006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(60)90004-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.44B4.913","article-title":"The anterior capsular mechanism in recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder","volume":"44","author":"Moseley HE","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Sports\u2010induced inflammation","author":"Mow VC","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Reinforced cruciate repair for anterior dislocation of the shoulder","volume":"9","author":"Neer CS","year":"1985","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062060-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197456020-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658080-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678508994342"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"127","article-title":"The effect of strain rate on the biomechanical properties of the medial collateral ligament: a study of immature and mature rabbits","volume":"12","author":"Petersen RH","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","unstructured":"PollockRG BiglianiLU FlatowEL SoslowskyLJ MowVC:The mechanical properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. The American shoulder and elbow surgeons 6th open meeting New Orleans Paper No. 32 1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","first-page":"510","article-title":"The mechanical properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament","volume":"15","author":"Pollock RG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.50B4.858","article-title":"Experiments on the tensile strength of the anterior capsular structures of the shoulder in man","volume":"50","author":"Reeves B","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"The description of skin stiffness","volume":"2","author":"Ridge MD","year":"1964","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062070-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)37158-4","article-title":"The surgical management of recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder using a modified Bankart procedure","volume":"43","author":"Rowe CR","year":"1963","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197860010-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138536"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971040-00005","article-title":"An approach to the repair of avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments in the management of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability","volume":"71","author":"Thomas SC","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195032020-00016","article-title":"The capsular mechanism in recurrent dislocation of the shoulder","volume":"32","author":"Townley CO","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163080-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(68)90032-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Biomechanics of diarthrodial joints","author":"Viidik A","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BIR-1982-19301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(76)90186-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100010104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900303"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjor.1100100205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jor.1100100205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T11:24:32Z","timestamp":1698060272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jor.1100100205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jor.1100100205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.1100100205","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-0266","1554-527X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-0266","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-527X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1991-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1991-09-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-02-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}