{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:39:40Z","timestamp":1789000780315,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,18]],"date-time":"2005-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2970,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Loss of integrity of the scaphoid may change the motion center of the entire carpus, and deformities from scaphoid fractures may alter the location of motor tendons of the wrist, thus altering their biomechanics. The goal of this study was to clarify biomechanical changes in these tendons following loss of scaphoid integrity. Excursions and moment arms of the principal flexor and extensor tendons of the wrist were investigated in seven cadaveric upper extremities in intact wrists after simulation of scaphoid waist fracture and after removal of the proximal scaphoid. Excursions of the flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris tendons were measured with rotary potentiometers during wrist flexion\u2010extension and radioulnar deviation. Simultaneously, wrist joint angulation was recorded. Moment arms of the tendons were derived from tendon excursions and joint motion. After scaphoid fracture, the moment arms of the flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi ulnaris tendons increased significantly during wrist flexion\u2010extension, whereas the moment arms of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons decreased significantly. After proximal scaphoid excision, the moment arms of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons again decreased significantly during wrist flexion\u2010extension. The moment arms of the flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis brevis tendons increased significantly during radioulnar deviation, whereas those of the wrist motors on the ulnar side decreased. These findings indicate the importance of the integrity of the scaphoid in maintaining normal biomechanics of motor tendons of the wrist. An increase in the moment arm of the radial wrist flexor along with a decrease in moment arms of the radial extensors constitutes an etiology for persistent angulation of the scaphoid and the hump\u2010back deformity. In addition, disturbing the biomechanics of the wrist motor tendons predisposes the carpal joints to abnormal loading, potentially contributing to the development of carpal joint degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1109243228000},"page":"69-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Biomechanical changes of the wrist flexor and extensor tendons following loss of scaphoid integrity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jin Bo","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaiyoung","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JungSoo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Omokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Kish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Wearden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Clinical Mechanics of the Hand","author":"Agee JM","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(83)90074-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(78)90004-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453676608989415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Clinical Mechanics of the Hand","author":"Brand PW","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(87)80067-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(89)90052-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198006000-00010","article-title":"Fractures of the scaphoid: a rational approach to management","volume":"149","author":"Cooney WP","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31322-5","article-title":"Scaphoid fractures: problems associated with nonunion and avascular necrosis","volume":"15","author":"Cooney WP","year":"1984","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.31B4.572","article-title":"Excision of the carpal scaphoid for ununited fracture","volume":"31","author":"Dwyer FC","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(89)80074-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"902","article-title":"Treatment of ununited fractures of the carpal navicular","volume":"21","author":"Edelstein JM","year":"1939","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(84)80025-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Carpal instability and the fractured scaphoid","volume":"46","author":"Fisk GR","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-198201000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(10)80126-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(93)90250-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(78)80083-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274100-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.63B2.7217146","article-title":"The fractured scaphoid: natural history and factors influencing outcome","volume":"63","author":"Leslie IJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(90)90103-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197254080-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198006000-00006","article-title":"Mechanism of carpal injuries","volume":"149","author":"Mayfield JK","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1980.tb04116.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(88)90189-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196042050-00002","article-title":"Fracture of the carpal navicular: diagnosis, nonoperative treatment, and operative treatment","volume":"42","author":"Russe O","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","first-page":"519","volume-title":"Orthopedic Basic Science","author":"Simon SR","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(89)90022-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195436050-00008","article-title":"Fractures of the carpal navicular (scaphoid): a report of 436 cases","volume":"36","author":"Stewart MJ","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(90)90048-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(90)90107-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(10)80019-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(91)90021-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(78)80062-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90033-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjor.1100150111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jor.1100150111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T06:57:28Z","timestamp":1698389848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jor.1100150111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jor.1100150111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.1100150111","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-0266","1554-527X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-0266","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-527X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1996-03-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1996-09-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-02-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}