{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T05:54:01Z","timestamp":1775714041606,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,18]],"date-time":"2005-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1108684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2181,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Slipped capital femoral epiphysis involves the gradual displacement of the femoral head relative to the neck. Many theories have arisen to explain this slip. Frequently cited etiological factors include increases in physeal thickness and inclination. Slipped epiphysis has been postulated to result from shear overload that causes separation through the hypertrophic cellular zone. We sought to answer the following questions: (a) Do significant regional differences in strength and stiffness exist within a given physis? (b) Are regional differences in resistance to shear related to thickness and inclination of the physis? (c) Does physeal compression cause mammillary interdigitation to begin sooner and increase the resistance to shear before, during, and after failure? (d) Does shear failure occur at displacements detectable by radiography? and (e) Does cleavage occur throughout the entire columnar zone, and do the chondrocyte columns remain intact on both sides of the cleavage plane? We prepared beam\u2010shaped microstructural samples from different sites of the bovine proximal tibial physis. We determined thickness, inclination, ultimate stress and strain, modulus, and strain energy density at ultimate stress as a function of location. Using scanning electron microscopy, we also examined the entire failed surface of several samples. Forty\u2010eight samples were tested by displacing the epiphysis end anteriorly, without axial (across the thickness) constraint; 41 were sheared while an average axial compressive stress of 0.3 MPa was applied to the physis. The posterior region had the greatest strength and stiffness, lowest physeal thickness, and steepest inclination. Compressing the plate did not increase the shear strength or tangent modulus. Ultimate strength varied inversely with thickness and increased when shearing up steeper inclinations; however, it was more strongly associated with the modulus, implying that additional factors control both strength and modulus. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the plane of fracture differed widely between and within samples, involving all zones of the growth plate. On either side of the fracture, individual chondrocyte columns remained intact, although separated from neighboring columns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100170210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,24]],"date-time":"2005-02-24T10:24:45Z","timestamp":1109240685000},"page":"214-222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Shear strength of the physis varies with anatomic location and is a function of modulus, inclination, and thickness"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"John L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Vani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. David","family":"Eick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik C.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002199838702100601"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198501000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347411"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3149545"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658010-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100100214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100120608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.32B1.5","article-title":"The endocrine basis for slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis","volume":"32","author":"Harris RW","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.58B4.1018028","article-title":"Quantitative histology of the human growth plate","volume":"58","author":"Kember NF","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198501000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100040210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198805000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198403000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"1045","article-title":"[Torsional strength of the epiphyseal plate and fracture patterns with aging (three\u2010dimensional analysis with SEM)]","volume":"67","author":"Nakada D","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Jpn Orthop Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196345030-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Epiphyseal maturation and slipping femoral epiphysis in a hypopituitary dwarf","volume":"2","author":"Semple JC","year":"1969","journal-title":"Orthopaedics (Oxford)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"58","article-title":"The relationship of epiphyseal plates to stress in some bones of the lower limb","volume":"96","author":"Smith JW","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"The structure and stress relations of fibrous epiphyseal plates","volume":"96","author":"Smith JW","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"Physeal inclination angle of the proximal femur during normal development","volume":"10","author":"Speer DP","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trans Orthop Res Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"390","volume-title":"The Hip and its Disorders","author":"Speer DP","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.42B2.367","article-title":"The vascular contribution to osteogenesis. II. Studies with the electron microscope","volume":"42","author":"Trueta J","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjor.1100170210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jor.1100170210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T14:17:05Z","timestamp":1698589025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jor.1100170210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"references-count":21,"aliases":["10.2106\/00004623-199909000-00033"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jor.1100170210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.1100170210","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-0266","1554-527X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-0266","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-527X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1998-02-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-11-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-02-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}