{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:40:46Z","timestamp":1791304846671,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,14]],"date-time":"2006-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1163462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial endotoxin may contribute to aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants even in the absence of clinical or microbiological evidence of infection. One potential source of endotoxin during aseptic loosening is systemically circulating endotoxin, derived from intestinal flora, minor infections, or dental procedures, that may bind to wear particles. The current study demonstrates that systemically derived endotoxin accumulates when \u2018endotoxin\u2010free\u2019 titanium and polyethylene particles are implanted on murine calvaria. Time\u2010course experiments and experiments using germ\u2010free mice rule out the possibility that the observed endotoxin accumulation may be due to bacterial contamination. In contrast, endotoxin is cleared from titanium particles that originally carry high amounts of adherent endotoxin. The mechanism of endotoxin clearance is not dependent on induction of a respiratory burst. Taken together, these results indicate that a balance between endotoxin accumulation and endotoxin clearance controls the steady\u2010state level of endotoxin surrounding orthopedic wear particles implanted on murine calvaria. This balance may regulate the rate of osteolysis in the murine calvaria model as well as in patients with aseptic loosening. \u00a9 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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