{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:37:45Z","timestamp":1790645865564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]],"date-time":"2008-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1216166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An autoimmune response to herniated nucleus pulposus has been proposed to constitute a pathophysiologic mechanism for inducing sciatica based on the fact that nucleus pulposus under normal conditions is excluded from the development of immunological tolerance. The manifestation of an autoimmune response comprises different steps starting with antigen capture, continuing with activation of T helper (T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>) cells and ending with production of autoantibodies. Activated T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub> cells differentiate into either T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>1 cells, predominately producing proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon \u03b3 (IFN\u03b3) or a T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>2 subset mainly producing anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin\u20104 (IL\u20104). The aim of the present study was to examine if exposure of autologous nucleus pulposus (NP) to the immune system for 3 weeks is potent enough to prime T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub> cells to differentiate into T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>2 cells. The study was performed in a pig model allowing the exposure of NP to the immune system. To assess the polarization of T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub> cells the intracellular production of IFN\u03b3 and IL\u20104 was measured in T cells by using flow cytometry. The revealed predominant production of IL\u20104 together with low production of IFN\u03b3 in T cells after NP exposure to the immune system indicates that nucleus pulposus may prime T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub> cells to develop into IL\u20104\u2010producing T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>2 cells after being exposed to the immune system, for example, in association with disc herniation. \u00a9 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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