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We investigated the effects of such wear particles on the survival of monocytes and macrophages, populations implicated in wear particle\u2010driven pathology. Particles from titanium aluminum vanadium (TiAlV) and cobalt chromium (CoCr) alloys were generated in\u2010house and were equivalent in size (0.5\u20133 \u00b5m) to those seen in patients. Human CD14<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> monocytes and murine bone marrow\u2010derived macrophages (BMM) were treated with TiAlV and CoCr particles in vitro, and cell survival was assayed. Both particles increased monocyte and macrophage survival in a dose\u2010dependent manner, with an optimal concentration of around 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup> particles\/mL. Conditioned media from particle\u2010treated BMM also increased macrophage survival. Studies with antibody blockade and gene\u2010deficient mice suggest that particle\u2010induced BMM survival is independent of endogenous CSF\u20101 (M\u2010CSF), GM\u2010CSF, and TNF\u03b1. These data indicate that wear particles can promote monocyte\/macrophage survival in vitro possibly via an endogenous mediator. If this phenomenon occurs in vivo, it could mean that increased numbers of macrophages (and osteoclasts) would be found at a site of joint implant failure, which could contribute to the local inflammatory reaction and osteolysis. \u00a9 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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