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We created chimeric mice by bone marrow transplantation after lethal irradiation. In this model, chondrocytes and osteoblasts in the regenerate are derived exclusively from host cells while inflammatory cells are derived from the donor. Using this model, the inflammatory system of middle\u2010aged mice (12 month old) was replaced by transplanted bone marrow from juvenile mice (4 weeks old), or age\u2010matched controls. We found that the middle\u2010aged mice receiving juvenile bone marrow had larger calluses and more bone formation during early stages and faster callus remodeling at late stages of fracture healing, indicating that inflammatory cells derived from the juvenile bone marrow accelerated bone repair in the middle\u2010aged animals. In contrast, transplanting bone marrow from middle\u2010aged mice to juvenile mice did not alter the process of fracture healing in juvenile mice. Thus, the roles of inflammatory cells in fracture healing may be age\u2010related, suggesting the possibility of enhancing fracture healing in aged animals by manipulating the inflammatory system. \u00a9 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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