{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:28:32Z","timestamp":1790965712959,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,11]],"date-time":"2010-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1268265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We previously showed different effects of tobacco and nicotine on fracture healing, but due to pump reservoir limits, maximum exposure period was 4 weeks. To allow flexibility in pre\u2010 and post\u2010fracture exposure periods, the objective of this study was to compare a new oral administration route for nicotine to the established pump method. Four groups were studied: (1) pump saline, (2) pump saline\u2009+\u2009oral tobacco, (3) pump saline\/nicotine\u2009+\u2009oral tobacco, and (4) pump saline\u2009+\u2009oral nicotine\/tobacco. Sprague\u2013Dawley rats (n\u2009=\u200984) received a transverse femoral fracture stabilized with an intramedullary pin 1 week after initiating dosing. After 3 weeks, no difference was found in torsional strength or stiffness between oral nicotine\/tobacco or pump nicotine\u2009+\u2009tobacco, while energy absorption with oral nicotine\/tobacco was greater than pump nicotine\u2009+\u2009tobacco (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Compared to saline control, strength for oral nicotine\/tobacco was higher than control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and stiffnesses for pump nicotine\u2009+\u2009tobacco and oral nicotine\/tobacco were higher than control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No differences in energy were found for either nicotine\u2013tobacco group compared to saline control. Mean serum cotinine (stable nicotine metabolite) was different between pump and oral nicotine at 1 and 4 weeks, but all groups were in the range of 1\u20132 pack\/day smokers. In summary, relevant serum cotinine levels can be reached in rats with oral nicotine, and, in the presence of tobacco, nicotine can influence mechanical aspects of fracture healing, dependent on administration method. Caution should be exercised when comparing results of fracture healing studies using different methods of nicotine administration. \u00a9 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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