{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T18:23:34Z","timestamp":1761675814075},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,7]],"date-time":"2010-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the interactions of particulate PMMA or titanium alloy, patient blood monocytes, and periprosthetic tissues using a SCID\u2010hu model of aseptic loosening. Periprosthetic tissues and bone chips obtained at revision surgery for loosening were transplanted into muscles of SCID mice. Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) isolated from the same donors were fluorescently labeled and co\u2010cultured with PMMA or Ti\u20106Al\u20104V particles before intraperitoneal injection. Control mice with periprosthetic tissue or non\u2010inflammatory ligament xenografts received naive PBMCs transfusion. Mice were euthanized 2 weeks after PBMC transfusion. The human tissues were well accepted in SCID mice. Transfused fluorescent\u2010labeled PBMCs were markedly accumulated in transplanted periprosthetic tissues. Multinucleated osteoclast\u2010like cells were commonly seen within retrieved xenograft tissue, and focal bone erosions were ubiquitous. Total cell densities and CD68+ cells within the xenograft were significantly increased in mice transfused with PMMA and Ti\u2010provoked PBMCs compared to the na\u00efve PBMC animals (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Immunohistochemical staining identified much stronger positive IL\u20101 and TNF stains in xenografts from either PMMA or Ti\u2010stimulated monocytes transfusion groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). TRAP+ cells were found around bone chips in both activated\u2010PBMCs groups, although markedly more aggregated TRAP+ cells in the PMMA\u2010challenged group than in the titanium group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). MicroCT assessment confirmed the significant decrease of bone mineral density in chips interacted with activated\u2010monocytes\/osteoclasts. In conclusion, PMMA or titanium particles readily activate peripheral monocytes and promote the cell trafficking to the debris\u2010containing prosthetic tissues. Particles\u2010provoked PBMCs participated in and promoted the local inflammatory process, osteoclastogenesis, and bone resorption. \u00a9 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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