{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T09:57:05Z","timestamp":1756461425612},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,21]],"date-time":"2011-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1295568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purposes of this study were (i) to examine the effects of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) status on hamstring force steadiness, peak hamstring strength, quadriceps (antagonist) activation, and physical performance, and (ii) to evaluate the associations of physical performance with hamstring steadiness and hamstring strength. Thirteen subjects with unilateral deficiency of the ACL (ACLD), 39 matched subjects with unilateral reconstructed ACL (ACLR; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925 with bone\u2010patella tendon\u2010bone (ACLR\u2010PT) graft and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914 with combined semitendinosus and gracilis tendon (ACLR\u2010STGT) graft) and 33 control subjects participated. Each subject performed maximal\u2010effort isokinetic knee flexion repetitions at 180\u00b0\u2009s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> with electromyography (EMG) electrodes attached to their medial and lateral quadriceps muscles. Physical performance was assessed using the single\u2010limb long hop for distance. Wavelet\u2010derived mean instantaneous frequency (Mi<jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>) of flexor torque\u2010time curves was significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) higher (i.e., less smooth) in ACLR\u2010STGT subjects compared to the ACLD, ACLR\u2010PT and control subjects. No significant differences existed for peak hamstrings strength (i.e., peak torque produced) or quadriceps antagonist EMG activity. Positive correlations were identified between hamstrings force steadiness and quadriceps antagonist activity for ACLD (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.797), ACLR\u2010PT (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.467), and ACLR\u2010STGT (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.628) subjects. For ACLR\u2010STGT subjects, reduced hamstrings force steadiness associated with poorer long\u2010hop performance (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.695). Reduced steadiness amongst ACLR\u2010STGT subjects may reflect motor output variability of the antagonist (i.e., quadriceps dyskinesia) and\/or agonist musculature\u2014a maladaptive feature which potentially contributes to poorer single\u2010limb hop performance. Measures of hamstring force steadiness in combination with traditional measures of peak hamstring strength provide valuable clinical information regarding knee joint function following ACL injury\/ACLR. \u00a9 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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