{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:38:54Z","timestamp":1772548734282,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,25]],"date-time":"2011-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1303689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the effects of loading and posture on mechanical properties of the transverse carpal ligament (TCL). Ten fresh\u2010frozen cadaver arms were dissected to expose the TCL and positioned in the load frame of a servo\u2010hydraulic testing machine, equipped with a load cell and custom made indenters. Four cylindrical indenters (5, 10, 20, and 35\u2009mm) loaded the TCL in three wrist postures (30\u00b0 extension, neutral and 30\u00b0 flexion). Three loading cycles with a peak force of 50\u2009N were applied at 5\u2009N\/s for each condition. The flexed wrist posture had significantly greater TCL stiffness (40.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3\u2009N\/mm) than the neutral (35.9\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5\u2009N\/mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045) and extended postures (34.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8\u2009N\/mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025). TCL stiffness using the 10 and 20\u2009mm indenters was larger than the 5\u2009mm indenter. Stiffness was greatest with the 20\u2009mm indenter, which had the greatest indenter contact area on the TCL. The 35\u2009mm indenter covered the carpal bones, compressed the carpal tunnel and produced the lowest stiffness. The complexity of the TCL makes it an important part of the carpal tunnel and the mechanical properties found are essential to understanding mechanisms of carpal tunnel syndrome.\u2003\u00a9 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1682\u20131687, 2011<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,25]],"date-time":"2011-04-25T16:38:22Z","timestamp":1303749502000},"page":"1682-1687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Carpal tunnel and transverse carpal ligament stiffness with changes in wrist posture and indenter size"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Michael W. 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